Conhecimento materno sobre os cuidados bucais das crianças na primeira infância / Maternal knowledge about children's oral care in early childhood / Conocimiento materno sobre elcuidado bucal de los niños en la primera infância

Introdução:Os pais exercem um importante papel no estabelecimento dos hábitos saudáveis durante a infância.Aoprestarem cuidados bucais necessários às suas crianças, observa-se um significativo resultado na prevenção dos agravos.Objetivo:Identificaroconhecimento materno sobre os cuidados bucais das crianças na primeira infância. Metodologia:Trata-se de um estudo de natureza quantitativa do tipo exploratório e observacional. A coleta ocorreu através da aplicação de um questionário semiestruturado, com questões sobre o conhecimento materno em relação à higiene bucal, hábitos alimentares, acometimento de cárie e perfil socioeconômico. Realizou-se uma análise descritiva dos dados, seguida de análise bivariada pelo teste do Qui-quadrado de Pearson, considerando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados:Sobre o conhecimento dos cuidados bucais dos filhos, o mesmo encontrou-se insatisfatório em relação à idade em que as crianças devem começar a escovar seus dentes sozinhas,quanto ao uso de escova e docreme dental fluoretado como método de higiene após a erupção do primeiro dente e quanto à inexistência do dente decíduo antes do nascimento dos molares permanentes. Observou-se conhecimento satisfatório em relação à importância de se realizar restauraçãoem dente decíduo acometido por cárie,à idade em que a criança troca os dentes decíduos pelos permanentes e, à realização de algum cuidado bucal (fralda e gaze) antes do nascimento do primeiro dente.Conclusões:Há uma lacuna quanto às orientações de saúde bucal providas pelos dentistasdirecionadas às mães. As mães/gestantes têm o conhecimento adequado sobre os cuidados bucais do bebê, porém, quanto aos cuidados após o nascimento do primeiro dente, os resultados foram desfavoráveis. Faz-se necessário a maior participação do cirurgião-dentista nas consultas de pré-natal e de crescimento e desenvolvimento praticando educaçãoem saúde (AU).

Introduction:Parents play an important role in establishing healthy habits during childhood. Providing necessary oral care to their children significantly contributes to preventing oral health issues.Objective: To verify maternal knowledge about children's oral care in early childhood.Methodology:Thisis a quantitative, exploratoryandobservationalstudy. Data werecollectedthroughtheapplicationof a semistructuredquestionnaire, withquestionsabout maternal knowledgeregarding oral hygiene, eatinghabits, caries involvementandsocioeconomic profile. A descriptivedata analysiswasperformed, followedby a bivariate analysis, usingPearson's chi-square test, considering a 5% significance level. Results:Regardingmothers' knowledge about their children's oral care, it was unsatisfactory in relation to the age at which children should start brushing their teeth by themselves; regarding the use of a toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste as hygiene methods, after the first tooth's eruption, and regarding the absence of the deciduous tooth before the permanent molars eruption. Satisfactory knowledge was observed regarding the importance of carrying out restoration in decayed deciduous teeth; the age at which children begin to change deciduous teeth for permanent ones and, carrying out some oral care (fabric and gauze) before the first tooth's eruption. Conclusions:There is a gap in the oral health guidelines provided by dentists, aimed to mothers. The mothers/pregnant women have sufficient knowledge about their baby's oral care, but considering the oral care after the first tooth eruption, the results were critical. It is necessary a greater participation of the dentist in prenatal and growth and development consultations, practicing Health Education (AU).

Introducción: Los padres ejercen un papel importante en el establecimiento de hábitos saludables durante la infancia. Al proporcionar el cuidado bucal necesario a sus hijos, se obtienen resultados importantes en la prevención de enfermedades. Objetivo: Identificar el conocimiento materno sobre el cuidado bucal de los niños en la primera infancia. Metodología:Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo de carácter exploratorio yobservacional. La colecta ocurrió mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario semiestructurado, con preguntas sobre conocimientos maternos sobre higiene bucal, hábitos alimentarios, caries y perfil socioeconómico. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos, seguido de un análisis bivariado mediante la prueba Chi-cuadrado de Pearson, considerando un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados:En cuanto al conocimiento sobre el cuidado bucal de los niños, se encontró insatisfactorio en relación a la edad en la que los niños deben comenzar a cepillarse los dientes solos, en cuanto al uso de cepillos dentales y pasta dental fluorada como método de higiene después de la erupción del primer diente y la ausencia de un diente temporal antes del nacimiento de los molares permanentes. Se observó conocimiento satisfactorio sobre la importancia de restaurar un diente temporal afectado por caries, la edad en que el niño cambia los dientes temporales por permanentes y la provisión de algunos cuidados bucales (pañal y gasa) antes del nacimiento del primer diente. Conclusiones:Existe un vacío en la orientación sobre salud bucal proporcionada por los odontólogos dirigida a las madres. Las madres/gestantes tienen conocimientos adecuados sobre el cuidado bucal de su bebé, sin embargo, en relación a los cuidados después del nacimiento del primer diente los resultados fueron desfavorables. Es necesaria una mayor participación del odontólogo en las consultas prenatales y de crecimiento y desarrollo, practicando la educación para la salud (AU).

Dependência funcional dentro e fora de casa em pessoas idosas com 75 anos ou mais: diferenças entre os sexos / Functional disability inside and outside of home of older adults aged 75 years and older: differences between males and females / Dependencia funcional dentro y fuera del hogar en ancianos de 75 años o más: diferencias entre sexos

O sexo é um importante fator a ser considerado na compreensão da dependência de cuidados na velhice. Objetivo:Verificar fatores associados à dependência, dentro e fora de casa, em pessoas idosas com 75 anos ou mais, com ênfase na diferença entre os sexos. Metodologia:Pesquisa transversal com dados do estudo FIBRA. A capacidade funcional nas Atividades Instrumentais de Vida Diária (AIVD) foi dividida em atividades realizadas dentro de casa (uso do telefone, manejo da medicação, tarefas domésticas e preparo da refeição) e atividades realizadas fora de casa (fazer compras, utilizar transporte e manejo do dinheiro). As variáveis independentes incluíram aspectos sociodemográficas e de saúde. Foram estimadas razões de prevalência por meio de modelos de regressão múltipla de Poisson a fim de verificar as variáveis associadas com dependência dentro e fora de casa. Resultados:A amostra foi composta por 804 idosos. Dentro de casa, não houve fatores associados à dependência para o sexo masculino. Enquanto para o sexo feminino, os fatores associados foram fragilidade (RP = 1,99; 95%IC: 1,26-3,15) e 80 anos e mais (RP = 1,41; 95%IC: 1,05-1,89). Quanto à dependência fora de casa, a fragilidade destacou-se como um fator associado a ambos os sexos, masculino (RP = 2,80 95%IC: 1,17-6,64) e feminino (RP = 1,98 95%IC: 1,24-3,17). Conclusões:Para o sexo feminino, a idade avançada e a fragilidade foram os fatores de maior associação com dependência, tanto para o ambiente dentro quanto fora de casa. Para o sexo masculino, a fragilidade foi o único e grande determinante de dependência nas atividades fora de casa, apresentando prevalência maior do que a encontrada na amostra do sexo feminino (AU).

Sexis an important factor to be considered tocomprehendoldage care dependencyObjective:Verify associated factors to dependency, in and out of home, in persons with 75 years or more, with emphasis on sexdifferences. Methodology:Cross-sectional research with data from the FIBRA Study. The functional dependence in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) was divided in activities performed inside home (using telephone, managing medicine, housework and meal preparation) and activities performed outside home (shopping, transportation and managing finances).The independent variable included health and sociodemographic aspects. Estimates on prevalence ratios were made using multiple Poisson regression models to verify the many variables associated with dependency inside and outside home. Results:The sample was composed of 804 older people. Inside home there were not any factors associated with dependency in the males. However, in the females the associated factors were frailty (PR = 1.99; 95%CI: 1.26-3.15) and 80 and older (PR = 1.41; 95%CI: 1.05-1.89). As to dependency outside home, frailty was a factor that stood out in both sexes, male (PR = 2.80 95%CI: 1.17-6.64) and female (PR = 1.98 95%CI: 1.24-3.17). Conclusions:To women, older age and frailty were the strongest factors of dependency, to both inside and outside home. To men, frailty was the strongest and single dependency factor for dependency in outside activities, showing a higher prevalence than that of the female sex (AU).

El sexo es un factor importante queconsiderar en la comprensión de la dependencia del cuidado en la vejez. Objetivo:Verificar los factores vinculados a la dependencia, dentro y fuera del hogar, en ancianos de 75 años o más, con énfasis en la diferencia entre los sexos. Metodología:Investigación transversal con datos del estudio FIBRA. La capacidad funcional en las Actividades Instrumentales de la Vida Diaria (AIVD) se dividió en actividades realizadas dentro del hogar (uso del teléfono, administración de medicamentos, tareas domésticas y preparación de comidas) y actividades realizadas fuera del hogar (hacer compras, uso del transporte y manejo del dinero). Las variables independientes incluyeron aspectos sociodemográficos y de salud. Las razones de prevalencia se estimaron utilizando modelos de regresión múltiple de Poisson con el fin de verificarlas variables vinculadas con la dependencia dentro y fuera del hogar. Resultados:El muestreofue constituidopor 804 ancianos. Dentro del hogar, no hubo factores asociados con la dependencia de los hombres. Mientras que, para las mujeres, los factores asociados fueron fragilidad (RP = 1,99; IC95%: 1,26-3,15) y 80 años y más (RP = 1,41; IC95%: 1,05-1,89). En cuanto a la dependencia fuera del hogar, la fragilidad se destacó como un factor asociado a ambos sexos, masculino (RP = 2,80 IC95%: 1,17-6,64) y femenino (RP = 1,98 IC95%: 1,24-3,17). Conclusiones: Para el sexo femenino, la edad avanzada y la fragilidad fueron los factores más vinculados a la dependencia, tanto para el ambiente dentro como fuera del hogar. Para los varones, la fragilidad fue el único determinante importante de dependencia en actividades fuera del hogar, con una prevalencia mayor que la encontrada en elmuestreofemenino (AU).

Self-Medication for Toothache in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To construct, validate, and apply a questionnaire to assess and characterize the practice of self-medication performed by parents or children's guardians undergoing dental care. Material and Methods: A questionnaire was constructed, validated, and applied through personal interviews in the teaching clinics of two higher education institutions in the Federal District. Absolute and relative frequencies of categorical variables were calculated using descriptive statistics. Quantitative data were presented as mean and standard deviation. The chi-square test measured the association between the studied variables and self-medication. Results: One hundred and five participants were interviewed between August 2019 and November 2020. The average age of the participants was 37 (± 9) years, and most were mothers of the children who attended (78%) and users of the public health system (94.2%). The average family income was 1.88 minimum wage, and the most prevalent educational level was complete high school (40%). Conclusion: Despite the high level of knowledge about medication safety in children, self-medication was practiced in 50% of them. Difficulty in accessing dental treatment was mentioned by most as a justification. Self-medication was associated with dental pain, continuous medication use, and family self-medication habits.

First Thousand Days of Child Life and the Development of Risk Factors for Malocclusions

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the association between individual and socioeconomic factors during the first thousand days of the child's life and the occurrence of risk behaviors for the development of malocclusions. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study. A sample of 655 6-year-old schoolchildren and families was included. Interviews with mothers were performed at home. The dependent variables were risk behaviors to the development of malocclusions. Independent variables were socioeconomic conditions, aspects of gestation, birth and health of the child up to two years of age. Bivariate and multivariate analyzes were performed through Poisson regression. Results: Maternal education of less than eight years was independently associated with the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding until the fourth month (PR=1.58 CI 95%; 1.07; 2.37). Occupation of the mother with income [PR=1.26; 1.02; 1.56)], occupation of the father without income [PR=1.46 (1.01; 2.14)] were associated fwith interruption of breastfeeding until the sixth month. Pregnancy in adolescence [PR=0.83 (0.70; 0.98)] and nursery attendance [PR=1.15 (1.02; 1.28)] were associated with bottle use. Nursery attendance [PR=1.27 (1.01; 1.59)], hospitalization in the first 29 days of life [PR=1.34 (1.01; 1.80)], occurrence of reflux [PR=1.30 (1.01; 1.70)] were associated with pacifier using. Conclusion: Variables related to the period of the first thousand days of life are associated with higher risk behaviors for the occurrence of malocclusions.

Dental Fear/Anxiety in Children and Child Emotional and Behavioural Problems

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the association between emotional and behavioural problems and dental fear/anxiety (DFA) in children aged four to 12 years treated at a clinic in southern Brazil. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study where mother-child dyads were interviewed, emotional and behavioural problems were investigated using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) (considering five subscales). Children's DFA was evaluated through the Venham Picture Test. For each SDQ subscale, Poisson regression model was explored. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated, considering a significant level of p ≤ 0.05. Results: Overall, 128 children participated in this study. Most children were female (54.7%) and aged between 7 and 9 years (39.8%). The prevalence of emotional problems was 47.7% and behavioural problems were 46.1%. The prevalence of DFA was 18.8%. Children with emotional problems had a 2.3 higher prevalence of DFA (95%CI 1.06-5.04). In general, behavioural problems were not associated with DFA (95%CI 0.84-3.34) only when conduct problems were considered (2.20; 95%CI 1.02-4.70). Conclusion: Children aged between 4 and 12 years who present emotional and conduct problems tend to show higher DFA.

Factors associated with food insecurity among pregnant women assisted by Universal Health Care in Lavras - Minas Gerais State / Fatores associados à insegurança alimentar em gestantes atendidas na rede pública de saúde de Lavras - Minas Gerais

Abstract Objectives: to investigate sociodemographic and economic factors associated with food insecurity among pregnant women assisted by the universal healthcare network of Lavras, Minas Gerais. Methods: a cross-sectional study investigated socioeconomic and demographic, obstetric, and nutritional conditions experienced by pregnant women. Households in which pregnant women lived were classified as food secure or food insecure using the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Prevalence estimates and prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals were generated to test for associations between food insecurity and several socioeconomic and demographic indicators using Poisson regression analysis. Results: among 173 pregnant women who participated in the study, 48% lived in households with some level of food insecurity. Adjusted models showed that pregnant women living in food-insecure households had higher prevalence ratios of lower education attainment (aPR = 1.43, CI95% = 1.07-1.91), woman being the head of the household (aPR = 1.39, CI95% = 1.02-1.87), having family monthly income lower than 1 ½ MW (aPR = 1.68, CI95% = 1.11-2.52) and participating in the government cash transfer program (aPR = 1.47, CI95% = 1.08-1.99). Conclusions: the high prevalence of food insecurity in pregnant women assisted by the public healthcare system was associated with structural social factors. Results of this study will contribute to develop an intersectoral health and nutrition policy in order to promote food security among marginalized communities and vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women.

Resumo Objetivos: investigar fatores sociodemográficos e econômicos associados à insegurança alimentar entre gestantes atendidas pelo sistema único de saúde de Lavras - Minas Gerais. Métodos: características socioeconômicas, demográficas, obstétricas e nutricionais de gestantes foram coletadas em estudo transversal. Os domicílios das gestantes foram classificados em segurança ou insegurança alimentar utilizando a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar. Estimativas de prevalência e razão de prevalência com intervalos de confiança de 95%, testaram associações entre insegurança alimentar e indicadores socioeconômicos e demográficos utilizando modelos de Poisson. Resultados: entre as 173 gestantes participantes deste estudo, 48% viviam em domicílios com algum nível insegurança alimentar (IA). Modelos ajustados indicaram que gestantes em IAapresentaram maior prevalência de escolaridade inferior a oito anos de estudo (aRP = 1.39, IC95% = 1.07-1.91), ser chefe de família (aRP = 1.39, IC95% = 1.02-1.87), ter renda mensal inferior a 1½ salário mínimo (aRP = 1.68, IC95% =1.11-2.25), e ser participante do Bolsa Família (aRP = 1.47, IC95% = 1.08-1.99). Conclusão: a alta prevalência de insegurança alimentar em gestantes do sistema público de saúde de Lavras está associado a fatores socio-estruturais. Os resultados desta pesquisapoderão contribuir com o desenvolvimento de políticas intersetoriais de saúde e nutrição para a promoção da segurança alimentar entre comunidades marginalizadas e populações vulneráveis.

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes en hemodiálisis / Cardiovascular risk factors in patients on hemodialysis

Introducción: La enfermedad cardiovascular es la primera causa de muerte en los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica. En los hipertensos, la enfermedad renal crónica es la segunda causa de muerte, el daño vascular sistémico es la norma. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular tradicionales y no tradicionales y su asociación con la enfermedad cardiovascular en pacientes en hemodiálisis. Material y Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en 247 pacientes en hemodiálisis crónica. Las variables analizadas fueron: causas de enfermedad renal crónica, factores de riesgo cardiovascular tradicionales y no tradicionales y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se determinaron tablas de frecuencias y estadísticas de asociación mediante Chi cuadrado. Para determinar el riesgo de mortalidad se utilizó la razón de prevalencia (RP). Se consideró como nivel de significación estadística a p<0,05 con 95 % de confiabilidad. Resultados: Las causas de enfermedad renal crónica predominantes fueron la hipertensión arterial con 35,6 por ciento y la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 con 33,1 por ciento. Los pacientes hipertensos tuvieron más probabilidades de presentar una enfermedad cardiovascular con 2,63 veces mayor que el grupo de referencia. En los factores de riesgo cardiovascular no tradicionales la mayor probabilidad la presentaron los pacientes con proteína C reactiva elevada con 5,19 veces, seguido de la hiperuricemia con 3,79 veces y las alteraciones del producto calcio-fósforo con una probabilidad de 3,27 veces. Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares tradicionales se relacionan significativamente con la presencia de enfermedad cardiovascular(AU)

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease. In hypertensive patients, chronic kidney disease is the second cause of death, and systemic vascular damage has become the norm. Objective: To identify traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors and their association with cardiovascular disease in patients on hemodialysis. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted on 247 patients on chronic hemodialysis. The variables analyzed included: causes of chronic kidney disease, traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular diseases. Frequency tables and association statistics were determined by the chi-square test. The prevalence ratio (PR) was used to determine the risk of mortality. The level of statistical significance was considered to be at p value of less than 0,05 with a reliability of 95 percentResults: The most frequent causes of chronic kidney disease were arterial hypertension (35,6 percent) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (33,1 percen). Hypertensive patients were 2,63 times more likely to present cardiovascular disease than the reference group. In the case of non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors, the patients with elevated C-reactive protein were 5,19 more likely to develop cardiovascular disease, followed by those with hyperuricemia that were 3,79 more likely, and the patients with alterations in calcium and phosphorous who were 3,27 times more likely to suffer from this disease. Conclusions: Traditional cardiovascular risk factors are significantly related to the presence of cardiovascular disease(AU)

Factores de riesgo asociados a colonización nasofaríngea en niños vacunados con vacunas antineumocócicas. Cienfuegos 2015-16 / Risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal colonization in children vaccinated with pneumococcal vaccines. Cienfuegos, 2015-16

Introducción: La colonización nasofaríngea por neumococo se define como el momento inicial en el que la bacteria se aloja en la nasofaringe del individuo. Objetivo: Estimar la proporción de factores de riesgo asociados a la colonización nasofaríngea por neumococo en niños vacunados con vacunas conjugadas antineumocócicas (PCV). Material y Métodos: Un año después de la vacunación antineumócocica mediante un ensayo clínico fase II/III, controlado, aleatorizado y doble ciego en niños de 1 a 5 años, se ejecutó un estudio de seguimiento con un diseño casos y controles, tipo caso-caso. El horizonte temporal fue desde noviembre de 2015 hasta abril de 2016. Se incluyó 50 por ciento del total de vacunados en el estudio experimental. El universo lo constituyó los 1 135 niños vacunados en el ensayo clínico. Se siguió un muestreo aleatorio simple y se incluyeron 555 sujetos. Se realizó una encuesta y una toma de muestra de exudado nasofaríngeo. Se presentaron tablas de frecuencias. Se utilizó la razón de prevalencia como medida de asociación. Se calcularon los intervalos de confianza a 95 por ciento para cada proporción. Resultados: Tener entre 2 y 5 años actúa como factor protector para la colonización nasofaríngea con respecto al niño pequeño. Convivir con personas mayores de 65 años constituye un factor de riesgo significativamente relacionado con la colonización nasofaríngea. Conclusiones: La introducción de vacunas antineumocócicas en niños preescolares puede impactar de manera significativa la carga de colonización y en la trasmisión de la enfermedad neumocócica(AU)

Introduction: Nasopharyngeal colonization by pneumococci is defined as the initial moment when the bacterium lodges in the nasopharynx of the person. Objective: To estimate the proportion of risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal colonization by pneumococci in children vaccinated with conjugate pneumococcal vaccines (CPV). Material and Methods: One year after pneumococcal vaccination, a follow-up case-case-control study was conducted in children aged 1-5 years by means of a phase II/III controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. The time horizon was from November 2015 to April 2016. The study included 50 percent of the total of children vaccinated during the experimental study. The universe consisted of 1135 children who were vaccinated during the clinical trial. A simple random sampling that included 555 persons was applied. A survey was conducted and nasopharyngeal exudate samples were taken. Tables of frequencies were presented. Prevalence ratio was used as a measure of association. Also, 95 percent confidence intervals were calculated for each proportion. Results: Being between the ages of 2-5 years acts as protective factor against nasopharyngeal colonization with respect to the young child. Living with persons older than 65 years is a significantly associated risk factor with nasopharyngeal colonization. Conclusions: The introduction of pneumococcal vaccines in pre-school children can have a significant impact on colonization burden and the transmission of pneumococcal diseases(AU)

Association between non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from commercial poultry sheds and associated factors in Paraná, Brazil: Cross-sectional retrospective study

The epidemiology of salmonellosis in poultry is complex, which makes it difficult to identify the origin and spread of this disease in poultry farms. The aims of this study were to characterize the spatial distribution of Salmonella enterica in epidemiological units in Paraná, Brazil; and to investigate correlations between this microorganism and associated factors. Among the epidemiological units, 78 of 243 (32.10%) were positive. Spatially, the northwestern and western regions had higher concentrations of positive cases than the other regions. In bivariate analyses, the presence of other animal species in the epidemiological unit (prevalence ratio, PR = 0.64; 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.43­0.95; p = 0.022) and proximity to establishments at risk (PR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.32­0.81; p = 0.001) did not influence positivity, but the average population per poultry shed (between 30,501 and 32,500; PR = 2.57; 95% CI = 1.72­3.83; p = 0.001) was associated with Salmonella positivity. Multiple logistic regression demonstrated that the average population per poultry shed, presence of surrounding risk-posing establishments and presence of surrounding poultry sheds produced a significant multiple model for S. enterica. The results indicated that the presence of S. enterica may be related to higher density broiler in poultry sheds, presence of surrounding poultry sheds, proximity between positive and negative epidemiological units and altitude of the municipality. The information obtained showed that some factors were related to positivity for this microorganism and emphasizes the importance of serotyping to obtain other epidemiological data.

Impact on the Quality of Life of Older Adults Who Use Inadequate Dental Prostheses: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Objective: To investigate the impact of inadequate prostheses on older adult's quality of life at the Integrated Health Center for Older Adults in the northeastern city of Brazil. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 147 older adults aged 60-90 years old in João Pessoa, Brazil. Interviews and oral examinations were carried out to collect demographic characteristics (age and gender) and clinical dental measures (use of inadequate upper and/or lower dental prosthesis) and Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14 Questionnaire). The Pearson Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to evaluate the association between the OHIP-14 dimensions and the use of unsatisfactory prostheses (p<0.05). Results: The sample consisted of 90.5% of women being a mean age of 69.86 (± 6.60) years. Individuals with inadequate prostheses had a higher impact on quality of life, with a predominant prevalence ratio for developing physical pain (PRR = 3.52; CI = 4.69-2.65), psychological discomfort (PRR = 5.0; CI = 5.85-4.26) and psychological inability (PRR = 1.71; CI = 2.56-1.14). Conclusion: The use of inadequate prostheses had a negative impact on the quality of life of the older adult population. Therefore, services, which provide health care for older adults, should overcome this reality by providing broad access to oral rehabilitation that is appropriate to the needs of each individual.

Ocorrência de distúrbio musculoesquelético em pescadoras artesanais/ marisqueiras na Baía de Todos os Santos: uma análise sobre horas dedicadas ao trabalho / Occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders in artisanal /shellfish fisherwomen in Baía de Todos os Santos: an analysis of hours dedicated to work

Introdução: os distúrbios musculoesqueléticos são caracterizados por comprometimentos inflamatórios e/ou degenerativos, em diversos segmentos corporais, e atingem diversos grupos de trabalhadores, no entanto, ainda existem poucas evidências científicas que verificam possíveis relações desses distúrbios e horas de trabalho diárias dos pescadores artesanais. Objetivo: analisar as horas diárias dedicadas ao trabalho de pescadora e a prevalência de distúrbio musculoesquelético em regiões de membros superiores (ombro) e pescoço. Metodologia: realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal, envolvendo amostra probabilística da população de pescadoras artesanais/marisqueiras do município de Saubara, totalizando 209 pessoas. Utilizaram-se instrumentos validados para população brasileira, tais como: o Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, Job Content Questionnaire e Demandas físicas adaptadas para o trabalho. Resultados: evidenciou-se a prevalência de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos em região de pescoço ou ombro, em 71,2% (n=146) das marisqueiras. Ressalta-se que não houve interação entre as variáveis horas trabalhadas/dia e idade, com o p-valor = 0,1807. Verificaram-se associações positivas entre as marisqueiras que trabalhavam mais que 11h por dia com razão de prevalência de 1,23 e intervalo de confiança 95%: [1,04; 1,45] em relação às que trabalhavam menos que 11h, bem como a razão de prevalência de 1,38 e intervalo de confiança 95%: [1,15; 1,65] nas pescadoras com idade superior a 38 em comparação com as mais jovens. Desta forma denotando a degradação da saúde com a carga exaustiva de trabalho.

Introduction: musculoskeletal disorders are characterized by inflammatory and/or degenerative impairments in several body segments and reach different groups of workers; however, there is still little scientific evidence to verify the possible relationships between MSD and daily working hours of artisanal fishermen. Objective: to analyze the daily hours dedicated to work as a fisherwoman and prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in regions of upper limbs (shoulder) and neck. Methodology: a cross-sectional study was carried out involving a probabilistic sample of the population of artisanal/shellfish fisherwomen in the municipality of Saubara, for a total of 209 individuals. Validated instruments were used for the Brazilian population, such as: the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, the Job Content Questionnaire and the Physical Demands adapted to this work. Results: the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the neck or shoulder region was found in 71.2% (n = 146) of shell fisherwomen. It should come to attention that there was no interaction between the variables worked hours/day and age, with p-value = 0.1807. There were positive associations among the shellfish workers that worked more than 11h with the prevalence ratio of 1.23 and 95% confidence interval: [1.04; 1.45] than those who worked less than 11 hours, as well as the prevalence ratio of 1.38 and 95% confidence interval: [1.15; 1.65] in fisherwoman aged over 38 compared to younger ones. Thus denoting health degradation with an exhaustive workload.

Perfiles asociados al consumo de alcohol en adolescentes colombianos / Perfis associados ao consumo de álcool em adolescentes colombianos / Profiles associated with alcohol consumption in Colombian adolescents

Resumen El consumo de alcohol en adolescentes tiene una serie de consecuencias negativas desde el punto de vista de salud, comportamiento y riesgo de consumo problemático a edades tempranas. En este estudio, se aplicó un instrumento de 24 preguntas a 9348 estudiantes de ambos sexos en nueve ciudades de Colombia, de los cuales 7625 fueron incluidos en este análisis por haber consumido alcohol. Específicamente, se exploraron temas como la edad de inicio de consumo, el tipo de alcohol y las cantidades ingeridas, así como los sitios y la facilidad de adquisición, la presencia de adultos, el consumo en el colegio y las actitudes frente a las restricciones legales, entre otros. Se hizo un análisis de correspondencias múltiples que determinó inicialmente tres factores que fueron después clasificados en dos grupos y, por último, en cuatro subgrupos en función de cuatro categorías de consumo: experimental, selectivo, regular y alto, que representan dos grandes grupos: bajo y alto consumo. De este análisis surgieron perfiles bastante claros que muestran diferencias importantes, especialmente entre dos grupos: los de bajo consumo, que son los más jóvenes, no toman solos, no han estado en fiestas con alcohol, nunca toman en el colegio ni durante varios días seguidos; y los de alto consumo, que son un poco mayores, cuando toman se emborrachan, tienden a tomar todas las semanas, han tomado en el colegio y antes de entrar por las mañanas, se han metido en problemas por tomar y rechazan las restricciones a los menores de edad o que se sancione a quienes les venden.

Resumo O consumo de álcool em adolescentes tem uma série de consequências negativas desde o ponto de vista da saúde, do comportamento e do risco de consumo problemático em idades precoces. Neste estudo, aplicou-se um instrumento de 24 perguntas e 9348 estudantes de ambos os sexos em nove cidades da Colômbia, dos quais 7625 foram incluídos nesta análise por terem consumido álcool. Especificamente, foram explorados temas como a idade inicial de consumo, o tipo de álcool e as quantidades ingeridas, assim como os lugares e a facilidade de aquisição, a presença de adultos, o consumo no colégio e as atitudes frente às restrições legais, entre outros. Foi realizada uma análise de correspondências múltiplas que determinou inicialmente três fatores que depois foram desclassificados em dois grupos e, por último, em quatro subgrupos em função de quatro categorias de consumo: experimental, seletivo, regular e alto, que representam dois grandes grupos: baixo e alto consumo. A partir dessa análise, surgiram perfis bastante claros que mostram diferenças importantes, especialmente entre dois grupos: os de baixo consumo, que são os mais jovens, não bebem sozinhos, não estiveram em festas com bebidas alcoólicas, nunca bebem no colégio nem durante vários dias consecutivos; e os de alto consumo, que são um pouco mais velhos, embriagam-se quando bebem, tendem a beber semanalmente, já beberam no colégio e antes de ir para a aula de manhã, já se meteram em problemas por beber e se opõem às restrições aos menores de idade ou às sanções àqueles que vendem para menores.

Abstract Alcohol abuse in adolescents has several negative consequences on health, behavior and risk of becoming involved in problematic consumption at early ages. In this study a 24-item questionnaire was answered by 9,348 school adolescents of both sexes in nine Colombian cities. 7,625 students were included in this analysis due to their consumption of alcohol. The questions inquired about age of first intake, kind and amounts of alcohol consumed on each occasion, places and availability, presence of adults, alcohol use at school and attitudes toward legal restrictions, among others. A multiple correspondence analysis was carried out, generating four factors which were condensed later into two groups, and finally in four sub-groups based on categories of alcohol use: experimental, selective, regular and high, representing two categories: low and high use. The analysis produced identifiable profiles, quite different especially for two categories: the 'low consumption' group, that is younger, never drinks alone, does not attend parties where alcohol is offered to minors, has never drunk at school or during several days. In the 'high consumption' group are those over 16 years of age, who generally get drunk when they drink, have taken alcohol while at school and before arriving to school, have been in trouble because of alcohol and consider as inappropriate the legal restrictions to minors and the sanctions imposed to adults who sell or offer alcohol to minors.

Factores asociados con dispepsia funcional en trabajadores de establecimientos de comida rápida en un centro comercial de Huancayo, Perú / Factors associated with functional dyspepsia among fast food workers at a shopping center in Huancayo, Peru

Resumen Introducción: La dispepsia funcional (DF) comprende trastornos crónicos y recurrentes del tracto digestivo superior y no tiene origen orgánico. Objetivos: Determinar los factores asociados con DF en trabajadores de establecimientos de comida rápida en un centro comercial de Huancayo, Perú. Metodología: Estudio transversal analítico, se encuestó a 128 trabajadores de establecimientos de comida rápida en una ciudad de la serranía peruana. Se usó la prueba "A new questionnaire for the diagnosis of dyspepsia" para el diagnóstico de DF, esto se cruzó con variables sociales, de consumo y de hábitos alimenticios; se obtuvieron estadísticas de asociación. Resultados: El 40 % tuvo DF. Estuvo asociado con una menor frecuencia de DF el sexo femenino (razones de prevalencias ajustadas [RPa]: 0,64; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95 %: 0,41-0,99; valor p = 0,044); en cambio, los que tenían dificultad para conciliar el sueño o padecían de despertares nocturnos (RPa: 1,89; IC 95 %: 1,37-2,61; valor p <0,001) y los que tomaban alcohol regularmente tenían mayor frecuencia de DF (RPa: 3,28; IC 95 %: 1,02-10,6; valor p = 0,047); ajustadas por 5 variables. Según los hábitos de alimentación, se encontró que estuvo asociado con una mayor frecuencia de dispepsia quien omitiera comer el almuerzo (RPa: 1,88; IC 95 %: 1,22-2,90; valor p = 0,004), quien omitiera la cena (RPa: 3,44; IC 95 %: 2,72-4,35; valor p <0,001) y quien se alimentase regularmente en otros restaurantes (RPa: 1,87; IC 95 %: 1,22-2,88; valor p = 0,004); ajustadas por 3 variables. Conclusiones: se encontraron algunas características asociadas con la DF en esta población que comparte características con otras similares, lo que puede ser útil para generar estrategias de detección y diagnóstico oportunos.

Abstract Introduction: Functional dyspepsia includes chronic and recurrent disorders of the upper digestive tract and which have no organic origin. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine factors associated with functional dyspepsia among the workers of fast food establishments at a mall in Huancayo, Perú. Methodology: This is an analytical cross-sectional study of 128 fast food workers in a city in the Peruvian highlands. "A new questionnaire for the diagnosis of dyspepsia" was used to diagnose functional dyspepsia and record social variables, consumption and eating habits. From this information statistical measures of association were obtained. Results: Forty percent of those surveyed had functional dyspepsia. There was a lower frequency of functional dyspepsia among women than men (Prevalence ratio: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.41-0.99, p-value = 0.044). Those who had difficulty falling asleep and/or suffered from nighttime awakening (Prevalence ratio: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.37-2.61, p value <0.001) and those who drank alcohol regularly (Prevalence ratio: 3.28, 95% CI: 1, 02-10.6, p value = 0.047) had a higher frequency of functional dyspepsia. This was adjusted by five variables. According to eating habits, it was found that a higher frequency of dyspepsia was associated with skipping lunch (Prevalence ratio: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.22-2.90, p-value = 0.004), skipping dinner (Prevalence ratio: 3.44, 95% CI: 2.72-4.35, p value <0.001) and eating regularly in other restaurants (Prevalence ratio: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.22-2.88; p = 0.004). This was adjusted by three variables. Conclusions: We found some characteristics associated with functional dyspepsia in this population shares characteristics with similar populations which could be useful for developing strategies for detection and timely diagnosis.

Violência na gestação: prevalência e perfil do agressor / Violence during pregnancy: prevalence and profile of the agressor

Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer a prevalência de violência na gestação e caracterizar o perfil do agressor. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com entrevista a 195 puérperas internadas por meio de questionário adaptado e validado para investigar a violência doméstica. A análise foi realizada com o programa SPSS 16.0 de forma descritiva e bivariada, com o teste qui-quadrado e a razão de prevalência (IC95%). Resultados: A prevalência geral de violência na gestação foi de 49,2%, sendo que 95,8% foram perpetradas pelo parceiro íntimo. Caracterizaram-se três tipos de violência: psicológica (85%), física (13%) e sexual (2%). Quanto ao período, 41,7% dos casos ocorreram no 1o trimestre da gestação. Os fatores das participantes relacionados com a violência na gestação foram: não morar com sua família (p=0,001) e ter sofrido violência antes de engravidar (p=0,003). Os dados do companheiro relacionados com a violência na gestação foram: baixa escolaridade (p=0,018), uso de drogas (p=0,003), brigas contra terceiros (p<0,001) e entre o casal (p<0,001). Conclusão: O estudo estima uma prevalência de 49,2% de violência na gestação. Baixa escolaridade, uso de drogas, brigas contra terceiros e entre o casal são características do companheiro agressor.(AU)

Objective: The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of violence during pregnancy and characterize the profile of the aggressor. Methods: Cross-sectional study, with interviews of 195 women interned, through an adapted and validated questionnaire to investigate domestic violence. The analysis was performed with SPSS 16.0 for descriptive and bivariate, with the chi-square test and the prevalence ratio (CI95%). Results: The overall prevalence of violence during pregnancy was 49.2%, being 95.8% perpetrated by an intimate partner. It was characterized three types of violence: psychological (85%), physical (13%) and sexual (2%). As for the period, 41.7% of cases occurred in the first trimester of pregnancy. The factors of the participants related to violence during pregnancy were: not living with their family (p=0.001) and have suffered violence before pregnancy (p=0.003). Data from the partner related to violence during pregnancy were: low education (p=0.018), drug use (p=0.003), fights with other people (p<0.001) and between the couple (p<0.001). Conclusion: The study estimates a 49.2% prevalence of violence during pregnancy. Low education, drug use, fights against other people and between the couple are characteristics of the partner offender.(AU)

Influencia de los hábitos en la depresión del estudiante de medicina peruano: estudio en siete departamentos / Influence of Habits on Depression in the Peruvian Medical Student: Study in Seven Administrative Regions

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de los hábitos en la depresión del estudiante de medicina de 7 departamentos de Perú. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico de un análisis secundario de datos. El diagnóstico de depresión se obtuvo según el resultado del test de Zung, considerado positivo ante cualquier grado de esta condición. Además, se comparó esto con otras variables socioeducativas importantes según publicaciones previas. Resultados: De los 1.922 encuestados, el 54,5% (n = 1.047) eran mujeres; la mediana de edad era de 20 [intervalo intercuartílico, 18-22] arios. El 13,5% (n = 259) tenía algún grado de depresión según la escala de Zung. En el análisis multivariable, incrementaron la frecuencia de depresión la mayor cantidad de horas de estudio por día (razón de prevalencias ajustada [RPa] = 1,03; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%], 1,01-1,04; p < 0,001) y que el estudiante trabaje (RPa = 1,98; IC95%, 1,21-3,23; p = 0,006); en cambio, disminuyeron la frecuencia de depresión tener horarios similares para comer (RPa = 0,59; IC95%, 0,38-0,93; p = 0,022) y un lugar fijo donde conseguir sus alimentos (RPa = 0,66; IC95%, 0,46-0,96; p = 0,030), ajustado por el año de ingreso a la universidad. Conclusiones: Se encontró que algunos factores estresantes predisponen a la depresión (trabajar y estudiar más horas por día); en cambio, tener un orden en su rutina diaria disminuye esta condición (tener un lugar y horarios fijos para comer.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the influence of habits on depression in medical students from 7 Peruvian Regions. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study of a secondary data analysis. The diagnosis of depression was obtained according to the Zung test result, with any level of this condition being considered positive. This was also compared with other social and educational variables that were important according to previous literature. Results: Of the 1922 respondents, 54.5% (1047) were female. The median age was 20 [interquartile range, 18-22] years, and 13.5% (259) had some degree of depression according to the Zung scale. In the multivariate analysis, the frequency of depression increased with the hours of study per day (RPA= 1.03; 95%CI; 1.01-1.04; P<.001) and the student work (RPA = 1.98; 95%CI; 1.21-3.23; P=.006). On the other hand, decreased the frequency of depression decreased on having similar meal schedules (RPA = 0.59; 95%CI; 0.38-0.93; P=.022), and having a fixed place in which to get food (RPA = 0.66; 95%CI; 0.46-0.96; P=.030), adjusted for the year of college entrance. Conclusions: Some stressors predisposed to depression were found (the work and studying more hours a day). On the other hand, to have order in their daily routine decreased this condition (having a set place and times for meals).

Predictores del uso off-label de rituximab en pacientes adultos: un estudio piloto / Off-label use of rituximab and associated factors in adult patients: a pilot study abstract

Introducción: comprender los factores que condicionan el uso off-label de los agentes monoclonales es crucial para su utilización racional. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue describir la prevalencia de uso off-label de rituximab y los factores médicos, clínicos y socioeconómicos que se vinculan con dicha práctica. Métodos: estudio de corte transversal retrospectivo. Incluimos pacientes adultos con una primera indicación de rituximab entre 2010 y 2016. La exposición primaria fue definida como el momento de la pérdida de patente de rituximab. Otros factores considerados fueron el diagnóstico de base y las comorbilidades, así como también datos referentes a los médicos tratantes. El evento primario fue la prevalencia de prescripción off-label de rituximab. Utilizamos un modelo de regresión logística para estimar la asociación entre el tiempo y el evento primario. Resultados: de 160 pacientes adultos que iniciaron tratamiento con rituximab y fueron potencialmente elegibles se tomó una muestra aleatoria; 22 de ellos fueron incluidos en el análisis final. La prevalencia de uso off-label fue del 30,4% (IC 95%, 13,9 a 54,9%). No evidenciamos un cambio en el patrón de prescripción de rituximab asociado al tiempo de caída de la patente. El único factor predictor de dicho uso fueron las internaciones previas (7 vs. 1, p = 0,04). Conclusión: el uso off-label de rituximab es frecuente en nuestra población. Futuros estudios deberían estar dirigidos a determinar los factores asociados a esta práctica, así como a estimar el impacto en términos de eficacia y potencial toxicidad en esta población. (AU)

Background: the description of those characteristics that are associated with the off-label use of monoclonal antibodies remains paramount if we are to maximize the rational use of available resources. Our main objective was to describe the prevalence of off-label use of Rituximab, in addition to its associated factors (for example, prescribing physician and patient´s clinical and socioeconomic characteristics). Methods: we designed a retrospective cross-sectional study which included patients starting treatment with Rituximab between 2010 and 2016. Our main exposure was the time when Rituximab´s patent expired. Other potential factors associated with the off-label prescription pattern were baseline diagnosis and comorbidities in addition to the main characteristics of the prescribing physician. The main outcome was the prevalence of off-label use of Rituximab. We used a multivariate logistic regression model in order to estimate the association between time and our main endpoint. Results: out of 160 eligible patients that started treatment with Rituximab we included 22 adult patients in our main analysis by conducting a random sampling procedure. The prevalence of off-label use was 30.4% (95% CI, 13.9 to 54.9%). We did not find a change in the prescription pattern of Rituximab with regards to time and patent expiration. The only factor associated with off-label use were previous hospitalizations (7 vs. 1, p = 0.04). Conclusions: the off-label use of Rituximab is common in our population. Future studies evaluating distinct factors associated with such use as well as its impact in both potential efficacy and toxicity are warranted. (AU)

Prevalência e fatores associados à automedicação em adultos no Distrito Federal: estudo transversal de base populacional / Prevalencia y factores asociados a la automedicación en adultos en el Distrito Federal, Brasil: estudio transversal de base poblacional / Prevalence and associated factors of self-medication in adults living in the Federal District, Brazil: a cross-sectional, population-based study

OBJETIVO: estimar a prevalência e investigar fatores associados à automedicação em adultos no Distrito Federal, Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal de base populacional, com adultos selecionados por amostragem probabilística; a prevalência da automedicação foi obtida entre os que referiram ter utilizado medicamento nos últimos sete dias; foi empregado modelo de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para estimar razões de prevalência. RESULTADOS: entrevistaram-se 1.820 pessoas, das quais 646 usaram pelo menos um medicamento; a prevalência da automedicação foi de 14,9% (IC95%: 12,6%;17,5%); a análise ajustada apontou associação negativa em pessoas na idade de 50 a 65 anos (RP=0,26; IC95%: 0,15;0,47) e com doenças crônicas (RP=0,38; IC95%: 0,28;0,51); adultos com dificuldades na prática de atividades cotidianas (RP=2,25; IC95%: 1,43;3,53) realizaram mais automedicação. CONCLUSÃO: a automedicação foi maior em adultos jovens e naqueles com dificuldades na realização de atividades cotidianas.

OBJETIVO: estimar la prevalencia de la automedicación e investigar los factores asociados en adultos del Distrito Federal, Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudio transversal de base poblacional en adultos seleccionados mediante muestreo probabilístico; para obtener la prevalencia de automedicación se consideró el uso de medicamentos en los últimos siete días; las razones de prevalencia se definieron por medio de un modelo de regresión de Poisson ajustado con varianza robusta. RESULTADOS: se entrevistaron 1.820 personas, de las cuales 646 han usado al menos un medicamento; la prevalencia de automedicación fue de 14,9% (IC95%: 12,6%;17,5%); el análisis ajustado mostró una asociación negativa en personas de 50 a 65 años (RP=0,26 - IC95%: 0,15;0,47) y enfermedades crónicas (RP=0,38 - IC95%: 0,28;0,51); los adultos con problemas en la práctica de actividades cotidianas (RP=2,25 - IC95%: 1,43;3,53) se auto medicaron más. CONCLUSIÓN: automedicación se asoció con los adultos jóvenes y los que tienen problemas para realizar las actividades diarias.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the prevalence of self-medication and to investigate its associated factors in adults living in the Federal District, Brazil. METHODS: this is a cross-sectional population-based study conducted with adults selected through probabilistic sampling; self-medication prevalence was obtained from those who reported having used any medicine in the previous seven days; Poisson regression model with robust variance was applied to adjust the prevalence ratios. RESULTS: 1,820 individuals were interviewed, of which 646 had taken at least one medicine; self-medication prevalence was of 14.9% (95%CI: 12.6%;17.5%); the adjusted analysis showed negative association in people aged 50 to 65 years (PR=0.26; 95%CI: 0.15;0.47) and with chronic diseases (PR=0.38; 95%CI: 0.28;0.51); adults with difficulties in performing daily activities (PR=2.25; 95%CI: 1.43;3.53) practiced more self-medication. CONCLUSION: self-medication was associated to young adults and those with problems in performing daily activities.

Medidas de Acurácia Diagnóstica na Pesquisa Cardiovascula / Diagnostic Accuracy Measures in Cardiovascular Research

A acurácia do diagnóstico é a capacidade de um teste discriminar entre a condição alvo e saúde, e pode ser quantificada por meio de medidas de precisão de diagnóstico, como sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivos e negativos, razões de verossimilhanças positiva e negativa, área sob a curva ROC, razão das chances de diagnóstico e índice de Youden. As medidas de acurácia diagnóstica se relacionam com os diferentes aspectos do procedimento de diagnóstico. Algumas medidas são utilizadas para avaliar a propriedade discriminativa do teste, enquanto outras para sua capacidade preditiva. As medidas de precisão de diagnóstico não são fixos indicadores de um desempenho do teste; alguns são muito sensíveis à prevalência da doença, enquanto outros para o espectro e a definição da doença. Esta revisão descreve as definições e as características das medidas de acurácia diagnóstica utilizadas na pesquisa cardiovascular

Regresiones aplicadas al estudio de eventos discretos en epidemiología / Regressions applied to the study of discrete events in epidemiology

En este manuscrito se revisan algunos aspectos básicos de la utilización de regresiones en los estudios epidemiológicos, haciendo énfasis en aquellas aplicadas al estudio de eventos discretos. De esta manera se hace una introducción a los modelos lineales generalizados, cuya estructura es una extensión de una ecuación lineal para analizar desenlaces discretos. De este modo podemos estimar medidas de asociación como la razón de tasas usando la regresión de Poisson, o bien, el riesgo relativo (o la razón de prevalencias) usando la regresión log-binomial. En cada caso es esencial conocer la naturaleza de la variable dependiente, su distribución y reconocer las limitaciones de cada una de las herramientas de análisis.

Some basic aspects about using regressions in epidemiological studies are reviewed. Particularly, this manuscript focused on those applied to the study of discrete events. Generalized lineal models, such as Poisson and log-binomial, have a structure that is an extension of a lineal equation to analyze discrete outcomes. Thus, we can estimate association measures as the incidence rate ratio, using the Poisson regression, or the relative risk (or prevalence ratio), using log-binomial regression. In each case it is essential to know the nature of the dependent variable, as well as, its distribution and recognize the limitations of each analysis tool.

Prematuridade e fatores associados em Santa Catarina, Brasil: análise após alteração do campo idade gestacional na Declaração de Nascidos Vivos / Premature birth and associated factors in the Brazilian State of Santa Catarina: an analysis after alteration of the gestational age section of the Live Birth Declarations

Estimar a prevalência de prematuridade e os fatores associados, após a alteração do campo idade gestacional na Declaração de Nascidos Vivos, no Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, em 2012.Métodos:estudo seccional com base nos dados do Sistema de Informações de Nascidos Vivos (SINASC). Razões de Prevalência (RP) de prematuridade, brutas e ajustadas, por Regressão de Cox Robusta para o ano de 2012, foram calculadas e os resultados comparados aqueles reportados para 2005.Resultados:as taxas de prematuridade aumentaram de 6,1 por cento, em 2005, para 10,6 por cento em 2012. Ao se comparar os dois anos, maiores diferenças foram encontradas entre as mulheres com menor número de consultas pré-natal, menor nível de escolaridade e de cor não branca. Após o ajuste pelos fatores de confusão, as taxas de prematuridade se mostraram associadas à menor frequência de consultas de pré-natal (RP=2,64; IC95 por cento: 2,58-3,28), menor escolaridade (RP= 1,65; IC95 por cento: 1,11-2,45), idade materna <20 anos (RP= 1,24; IC95 por cento: 1,17-1,31) e maior que 39 anos (RP= 1,32; IC95 por cento: 1,17-1,49) e de cor não branca (RP=1,14; IC95 por cento: 1,07-1,21.)Conclusões:mudanças no campo idade gesta-cional, agora preenchido como semanas completas de gestação, resultaram em medidas mais confiáveis das taxas de prematuridade no Brasil...

To estimate the prevalence of premature birth and associated factors, after alteration of the gestational age section of Live Birth Declarations in the Brazilian State of Santa Catarina, in 2012.Methods:a cross-sectional study was carried out based on data from the Live Births Information System (SINASC). Prevalence rates for premature birth, raw and adjusted by Cox’s robust regression were calculated for the year 2012 and the results compared with those reported for 2005.Results:the prevalence of premature birth rose from 6.1 percent, in 2005, to 10.6 percent in 2012. Comparison of the two years found greater differences among non-Caucasian women and those with fewer prenatal consultations and a lower level of schooling. After adjustment for confounding factors, the prevalence of premature birth was found to be associated with a lower frequency of prenatal consultations (PR=2.64; CI95 percent: 2.58-3.28), lower levels of schooling (PR= 1.65; CI95 percent: 1.11-2.45), maternal age <20 years (PR= 1.24; CI95 percent: 1.17-1.31) and > 39 years (PR= 1.32; CI95 percent: 1.17-1.49) and non-Caucasian (PR=1.14; CI95 percent: 1.07-1.21.)Conclusions:changes in the gestational age section, now recorded as full weeks of gestation, have resulted in more reliable measurement of the preva-lence of premature birth in Brazil...